Dementia is a term used to describe how the brain is affected by certain diseases and conditions. It is characterised by a progressive decline in cognitive function, caused by damage to the brain.
The symptoms of dementia may arise as a result of a condition, such as Huntington’s Disease, or from a stroke. However, there are certain illnesses that cause dementia:
Alzheimer’s Disease
A neurodegenerative brain disorder which occurs when nerve cells (neurones) in the outer layer of the brain (cortex) die and form plaques and tangles. Alzheimer's Disease affects memory and cognitive functioning, although other difficulties such as disorientation and changes in mood may occur.
Vascular Disease
A series of small strokes or a major stroke can cause a significant reduction in blood flow, resulting in cell death in focussed areas of the brain. As any area of the brain can be affected, the symptoms and progression will vary considerably. Individuals may experience problems with concentration, communication, depression and may also have some physical weakness due to the stroke.
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Lewy bodies are small proteins deposits found in nerve cells (neurones). The presence of these deposits disrupts the neurones functioning and inhibits the action of chemical messengers in the brain. This disorder at a cellular level has an effect on the brains functioning and causes halluctinations and fluctuating attention levels. Some stiffness and rigidity of limbs may be observed.
Fronto-temporal Dementia
In this case of dementia, the fronto-temporal lobes of the brain are affected. Their function is to control planning and behaviour so disruptions to this area can result in symptoms such as changes in personality, individuals may appear rude or disinhibited and lose the ability to empathise with others.
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Strictly speaking, Korsakoff's syndrome is not a dementia. It is caused by excessive alcohol consumption which results in a lack of thiamine (Vitamin B1). Thiamine deficiency affects the brain and nervous system presenting as memory loss (a sypmtom traditionally found in those suffering from dementia). Other symptoms may include difficulty in acquiring new information or learning new skills, confabulation (inventing events to replace gaps with memory) and a lack of insight into their condition.
Each individual diagnosed with a dementia will have unique needs, although some common symptoms may be present. It is essential to offer person centred care to meet each individual's needs.